BR Ambedkar (1891-1956) was a multifaceted Indian icon who left an undeniable mark on the nation’s social, political, and legal landscape. Here’s a detailed exploration of his life and achievements, encompassing well-known facts and lesser-known details:
Early Life and Education
Born into a Dalit Mahar family (considered untouchables) in Mhow (now Dr. Ambedkar Nagar), Madhya Pradesh, on April 14, 1891.
Faced discrimination throughout his childhood due to his caste. His teacher, Mahadev Ambedkar, intervened to grant him the surname ‘Ambedkar’ for school records (his family’s original surname was Ambawadekar).
Despite the challenges, Ambedkar displayed exceptional academic talent. Aided by scholarships, he pursued higher education in Bombay (now Mumbai) and later Columbia University (MA, PhD), London School of Economics (MSc), and University of Bonn (PhD). He was the first Indian to earn a Doctorate (Ph.D.) in Economics abroad.
Champion of the Dalits
A vocal advocate for the upliftment of Dalits. He authored influential works like Annihilation of Caste, fiercely criticizing the caste system and advocating for its eradication.
Employed various methods to raise awareness – writings, speeches, organization of protests like the historic Mahad Satyagraha for access to public water tanks (1927). His famous slogan, “Educate, Agitate, Organize,” became a cornerstone of Dalit empowerment.
Founded the Bahishkrit Hitakarini Sabha to promote social and economic betterment of Dalits. Interestingly, his statue is the only one to appear alongside Karl Marx’s in the London Museum, highlighting his contribution to social justice movements.
Architect of the Constitution
Played a pivotal role in shaping independent India. As the Chairman of the Drafting Committee of the Constituent Assembly, he led the meticulous process of framing the Indian Constitution.
The Constitution, under his guidance, enshrined fundamental rights like equality, guaranteeing protection against discrimination. He also championed the inclusion of the Ashok Chakra (wheel) in the Indian national flag.
Beyond the Constitution
Served as the first Law Minister of independent India (1947-1951).
Advocated for social reforms like the Hindu Code Bill, which aimed to modernize Hindu personal laws. He also championed separate electorates for Dalits to ensure their political representation, though his views on this later evolved.
Conversion to Buddhism
Disillusioned by the persistence of caste prejudices within Hinduism, Ambedkar embraced Buddhism in 1956, along with a large number of Dalits. This conversion held symbolic significance, a rejection of the social hierarchy that had oppressed Dalits for centuries.
Personal Life
Married Ramabai Ambedkar in 1906. They had a son, Yashwant. Ramabai passed away in 1935. Ambedkar later married Savita Ambedkar in 1948. Maintained a vast personal library with over 50,000 books, reflecting his diverse intellectual interests.
Legacy
Revered as the “Father of the Indian Constitution” and a champion of social justice.
His writings and speeches continue to inspire movements fighting for equality and the eradication of caste discrimination. Though India has made significant strides, Ambedkar’s vision of a truly casteless and equitable society remains a work in progress.